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Foretelling these attacks, the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) announced in October of 1997 that the increasing dependence of U.S. critical infrastructures on information and communications has made them vulnerable to information warfare attacks. The commission found that while the resources needed to conduct a physical attack against these infrastructures have not dramatically changed, the resources necessary to launch a comparable-scale attack via information warfare are commonplace and consist of a personal computer and an Internet connection. Furthermore, the ubiquity of Internet access and the easy availability of hacker tools on underground Internet sites have significantly reduced both financial and intellectual barriers to launching effective attacks against critical systems. With roughly 95% of Defense Department communications relying on commercial infrastructures, the government finds itself as a major stakeholder in the security of commercial systems and is now proposing to spend $1.46 billion in fiscal year 2000 to directly address the threat of cyberterrorism. The federal sector is not alone, however, in its concerns over information warfare. Wholesale payment systems such as the Federal Reserve’s FedWire and In early 1998, several dozen computer systems in